ScienceProjects

Pollution and Depth of Water

January 17, 2022 by ScienceProjects

Objective

The experiment’s objective is to prove Pollution and Depth of Water or we can say that pollutants are less in the deeper waters than in the shallow waters. The water pollution in the lakes and other natural water bodies is a problem for the sustenance of all living beings. The experiment is to ascertain the amount of pollution at different depths of water. Is water pollution worse in the deeper waters or near the surface?

The Pollution and Depth of Water experiment concentrates on the deep waters where hypothetically the pollutants are less likely to affect. The samples from different depths, from one meter to four meters taken to carry out the experiment.

Abstract

The rivers and lakes furnish the need for water for all living beings. These are the natural source of drinking water that contaminates because of industrial waste and other sources. The polluted water is unfit for all living beings, agriculture irrigation, and even industrial use. The rains carry the soil erosion to spoil the water quality. That soil settles down after some time but water loses turbidity. Where the human population is more, there are more problems of water contaminations such as sewer, washings, and other wastes. That mostly merges in the rivers and lakes through drains.

Experiment

Material- A diving gear, a diver, Bottles of water samples 20 nos. of 100ml, some pH testing papers, turbidity meter, freshwater test kit, and a waterproof marker pen.

Pollution and Depth of Water Procedure

Independent variables- Collected water in bottles from assorted depths starting from 1 meter to 2, 3, and 4 meters.
Dependent variables- pH reading, turbidity, ammonia content, and nitrate content of the samples. All measured by pH paper, the turbidity meter, and the freshwater test kit.
Control variables- Amount of water samples taken from different depths.

The key part of the Pollution and Depth of Water experiment is getting the samples with the help of a competent diver. Rent all the gears to do the needful. Samples are required from four depths of 1, 2, 3, and 4 meters. Label the water bottles with the waterproof marker, as per their source of depths. Take 20 samples from each depth from variable locations of the water body.

Ensure the samples’ labels are fine.
Test each for the acidity with a pH meter and turbidity with the turbidity meter.
Check nitrate and ammonia contents with a freshwater test kit.
Record all the tests and observe the comparison

Observation

You may observe the following: –
In all the depths’ samples

Acidity, ammonia, and nitrate content- Have very few variations these remain Constant.
Turbidity- Turbidity of the water increases as depth increases by 10 to 15% on each meter.

Conclusion

The objective of the experiment was to prove that pollutants are less in the deeper waters than in the shallow waters.
Based on the tests of the samples, this hypothesis was found to be INCORRECT.

The persistent good quality is the very base of all living beings. This is important to treat wastewater to minimize water pollution. With collective and individual efforts, the achievement of good results is possible.

What’s the Point of Boiling?

January 13, 2022 by ScienceProjects

Objective

This project would discuss the point of boiling for liquids. The distillation method is adopted for this project. The distillation process includes boiling a liquid, accumulating the vapors, and cooling them. The vapors after cooling return to a liquid form, the purpose of the process are to find out and observe the changes occurring in the liquid. Also, to know about the method of getting purified water minus added substances.

Abstract

Distillation highlights the differences in the volatility of the solution’s components. As every compound has a different point of boiling and vaporization happens at different temperatures.

The three forms of water include Solid or ice, Liquid water in its original form, and Vapors steam or gas. For interchanging its form, one needs to add or remove the heat. It is to be observed that do the molecules stay back or not after the process?

We will need different types of materials to perform this experiment.

Materials

Stove
Deep cooking pot with a sloping lid, preferably a transparent one
Ice cubes
Small ceramic plate and coffee cup
Glasses
Sugar added water or any colored fruit juice
Liquid measuring cup

Procedure

Make sure all the materials used are clean and heat-resistant before you begin the experiment.

To begin, measure and pour one cup of the fruit juice or sugar-added water into a glass. Better use a colored liquid for physical observation. Observe its color and taste for the intensity and color. Keep some liquid aside for the comparison done at the end of the experiment.
Pour the liquid into the pot. Use a ceramic plate and ceramic coffee cup to stand between the liquid at the bottom of the pot.
Turn on the stove and bring the liquid to a boil on moderate flame.
Now place the lid on the pot inverted to face toward the ceramic cup placed inside the pot. Look for the steam building up.
Put ice on the cover of the pot, and keep on replacing cubes when melt. If you use a transparent lid, can you see droplets forming inside?
Allow the liquid to boil for 20 to 30 minutes, then observe the amount of liquid left in the pot.
Turn the burner off and let the pot get cool for a few minutes. Then take out the cup and plate placed inside and observe the gathered liquid with the remaining residual liquid. Observe the difference in color, texture, and taste. Do you observe a change in taste and color?
Then observe the remaining liquid left in the pot and the distilled one in the cup. Do they add up to the same quantity you began with?

Conclusion

The observation concludes that when the liquid is boiled, the vapors evaporate and rise above the lid. The vapors cool down and condense when gathered near the lid as that is kept cold. The vapors turn to droplets, that fall back in the cup below.

Observe

The two liquids, one in the cup and the residual in the pot would be equal in the quantity you started with.
Observe the distilled liquid becoming uncolored pure water.
No sweetness would be noticeable when tasted.

The sugar or salt is non-volatile, so they stay behind while the water boils at 100°C resulting in vapors forming pure water.